Legal tender laws also determine what institutions will create and manage the currency. In the U.S., these institutions are the Department of the Treasury and the Federal Reserve. The Treasury currently issues coins and currency in the denominations: 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 cents and $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, and $100.

Economists agree that money must be widely recognized as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value. Historically, money was made of a common commodity that fit those requirements, like gold or silver. Currencies backed by gold were said to be on a gold standard.  More recently, legal tender laws created fiat money/currency, which is money that is not backed by gold or any other commodity. Instead, it is backed by the law of the country. Fiat currencies are more easily manipulated by governments to lower interest rates in attempts to fight unemployment.  Historically, legal tender laws have effectively crowded out any alternative currencies. In the U.S., there are very few businesses that accept anything other than the U.S. dollar. Prior to bitcoin’s recent jump in popularity, there were basically none. This is because it becomes exceedingly difficult to use the U.S. banking system and complete any more complex transactions if you do not use dollars. You can’t pay taxes without using them. You won’t stay in business very long if you don’t pay taxes. 

Notable Happenings

Here is a (mostly U.S.-focused) history of notable happenings in legal tender law:

1690: The first paper currency was issued in the now-U.S.1775: Continentals (fiat money) issued to fund the Revolutionary War became basically worthless. The phrase, “not worth a continental,” was popular into the 1900s. Eventually, the dollar, then backed by gold, won out over other potential currencies. 1861: The government issued demand notes, nicknamed “greenbacks,” to finance the Civil War. These greenbacks were accepted as legal tender into the 1870s. 1913: The Federal Reserve Act created the Federal Reserve to manage the currency, and Federal Reserve notes became legal tender. 1933: Great Depression-era policies severed the gold standard, and the government confiscated gold from American citizens. The next year, the Gold Reserve Act restored the gold standard but only for other countries that redeem dollars from the Federal Reserve. 1971: In the “Nixon Shock,” President Nixon severed the last link between the dollar and gold, making the dollar a 100% fiat currency. 2021: El Salvador makes bitcoin legal tender, along with the U.S. dollar. 

What It Means For Individual Investors

Many newsletter writers and so-called “permabears” recommend investing in gold and/or bitcoin because it is a “real” currency and thus offers a hedge against a collapse in the dollar. While there is certainly some substance to arguments that all fiat currencies fuel inflation, until the U.S. financial system sees a major overhaul or legal tender laws change, gold and bitcoin are unlikely to become widely accepted currencies. However, that does not mean they are bad investments. Do research before making any decision to buy or sell investments. There are pros and cons for investing in both gold and bitcoin, beyond expectations for holding cash.