When you have a pension, you have a predictable, stable source of income. Some financial advisors would then suggest that a pension fulfills the role of bonds in your portfolio. So, if you have a larger pension, you can be more aggressive with your investments and allocate more to stocks.
How to Allocate Based on Your Income Needs
Let’s take a look at two retirees, each of whom needs about $60,000 a year to live comfortably in retirement.
Retiree 1: High Pension
Retiree 1 has $250,000 saved in their 401(k) plan and expects to have the following sources of income once retired:
$45,000 per year from a pension$20,000 per year from Social Security
With $65,000 of guaranteed income per year, Retiree 1 has the expected expenses in retirement covered. This retiree does not need the $250,000 in their 401(k) plan for living expenses in retirement. Their decision on how much to allocate to bonds should be based on expectations about rates of return and comfort level with risk. Retiree 1 could play it safe, as they have no need to shoot for higher returns. Or, if Retiree 1 understands the natural ups and downs of the stock market, they could allocate 100% of their 401(k) to stocks and only withdraw funds after years with good performance. The next retiree is in a slightly different situation.
Retiree 2: Lower Pension
Retiree 2 also has $250,000 saved in their 401(k) plan and expects to have the following sources of income once retired:
$25,000 per year from a pension$25,000 per year from Social Security
With $50,000 of guaranteed income, Retiree 2 will need to withdraw $10,000 per year from their savings to have the $60,000 a year needed in retirement. $10,000 divided into a $250,000 account size equals 4%. If the investments are structured properly, withdrawing 4% a year is possible. To accomplish this, Retiree 2 will want to follow a disciplined set of withdrawal rate rules, which means allocating no more than about 70% to stocks and no less than 50%. This leaves between 30% and 50% allocated to bonds. Retiree 2 has a pension, but the decision on how much to allocate to bonds is determined by the job the money needs to accomplish—not by whether there is or is not a pension. Because Retiree 2 needs to rely on income from the 401(k), they do not have as much freedom in how to allocate the investments as Retiree 1 does. While Retiree 1 could earn nothing and still be okay, Retiree 2 needs the $250,000 to work for them and earn a decent return. At the same time, they can’t take too much risk and lose money. Both retirees have a plan, and the plan helps to show them the range of allocation options that fit their circumstances. Most retirees should decide how to allocate their investments by first making a retirement income plan that shows the future job the money will need to accomplish.
How the Bond Allocation Might Work
Retiree 2 could invest a portion of their retirement money in bonds by purchasing a series of bonds where a specific amount matures each year. This is called a bond ladder. As they need to withdraw $10,000 a year, it would make sense to purchase $10,000 of bonds maturing each year for the first 10 years of retirement. That would result in about $100,000 allocated to bonds, which is 40% of a $250,000 account. Each year as the $10,000 matures, it would be withdrawn and spent. The remaining $150,000 would be entirely allocated to stock index funds. Short-term volatility would not matter, as the bonds would be there to cover current withdrawal needs. Thus, there is plenty of time to wait out any down years in the stock market. Assuming stocks average at least 7% a year over the next 10 years, they would grow enough that along the way, Retiree 2 could sell stocks and buy more bonds to replenish the ones that matured and were spent. For example, let’s assume one year later, the $150,000 portion allocated to stocks has gone up 7%, and so it is worth $160,500. Retiree 1 would sell $10,000 and use it to buy a bond that matures in 10 years. Meanwhile, assuming Retiree 1 is retired, they would be spending the $10,000 from the bond that matured in the current year. In this way, Retiree 1 would create a pseudo “10-year pension” where withdrawal needs were continuously covered for the subsequent 10 years. Having a pension definitely brings additional security to your retirement years. But it doesn’t automatically mean you should change how you allocate your other investment accounts. Your investment allocation should be driven by your financial plan and the projected use of your funds.
