The Basics
Do you know what is taxable and what isn’t? If you’re thinking that everything is taxable, you’re largely right. But to build your retirement tax planning playbook, you need to go deeper. Proper tax planning involves knowing exactly how much taxable income you earn. Here are the basics:
Work Income: If somebody pays you, you owe taxes. This includes money as a salaried or hourly employee, an independent contractor, or just a side business. This includes income that somebody prepays to you, income paid to a third party for work you did, income you earned outside the United States, bonuses, and awards, and even that special company trip as a reward for blowing out your sales quota—it’s all taxable. Regular Investments: If you sell investments, any gains are taxable that year and are counted as part of your annual income. This could include brokerage accounts, real estate, bank products, and a host of other assets. IRAs can be Roth or Traditional. Contributions to a Roth IRA remain taxable when you contribute, offering no tax advantage upfront. A Traditional IRA is taxable when the money is withdrawn and comes with an upfront tax deduction because you pay no taxes on money used for contributions. 401(k): Contributions to a 401(k) come from pre-tax dollars. The money you contribute doesn’t show up as income on your W-2 at the end of the year. But most retirement accounts, with the exception of Roth accounts, are counted as income and that makes them taxable.
This is a general synopsis but to really drill down on this, you might need some help from a financial planner.
Stay in the 12% Tax Bracket
How would you like to pay zero taxes on any capital gains you receive? You can do that by keeping your income below $80,000 if you’re married, or $40,000 if you’re single. The 12% tax bracket comes with a 0% tax rate on capital gains. Even if you usually earn more than the maximums above, most retirees will have years where they earn less or they can carefully plan to take gains from Roth accounts that have no tax consequence. The key is to accurately forecast your taxes and get as close to the maximum as possible without going over. If you’re married and find you will only have taxable income of $60,000, take distributions from your retirement accounts of $18,700—even if you don’t need it—and save it for future years. Remember the list we made above? Don’t forget about any less common ways you might be earning income. If you move into the next tax bracket, those tax-free gains are now taxed.
Roth Conversions
Each year, look at your income and convert as much as you can to a Roth IRA or 401(k) if your company offers the option. You don’t want to push yourself into a higher tax bracket with the conversion, but remember that paying taxes while you’re in a lower tax bracket is better than paying taxes later when you have a higher income. Just like that 12% tax bracket above, whatever bracket you’re in now, convert as much as you can without moving to the higher bracket.
Diversify Your Income
Investment pros know that diversification is key to managing the natural shifts in the performance of various investment accounts. If one investment is underperforming, another is overperforming. The same strategy works for retirement planning. If you have a mix of taxable and non-taxable accounts, you can draw from the non-taxable accounts when your income is relatively high and from taxable accounts when it’s lower.
Tax Loss Harvesting
Losses are part of investing. Not everything is a winning investment, but losses aren’t completely bad. Just as you owe taxes when you make money on your investments, any losses you claim counteract those gains. If you have some losing investments in your portfolio that you’ve wanted to get rid of anyway, selling them at a loss will reduce your capital gains liability.
Tax-loss harvesting can be a helpful tool for reducing your capital gains liability, but it will only work for certain investments. For example, it generally won’t work with any tax-sheltered retirement account.
Stop Working
Your Social Security benefits may be taxable. It depends on your income. If your total income is less than $25,000 if you’re single, or less than $34,000 if you’re married, your benefits aren’t taxable. If you exceed these thresholds, the IRS applies a formula that can make up to 85% of your benefits taxable. If you want to avoid paying taxes on your benefits: stop working, work only enough to stay below the threshold, or delay taking benefits as long as you can. Once you reach age 70, it no longer makes sense to delay benefits.
Disaster Relief
Although it does not impact most individuals’ retirement strategy, the IRS sometimes offers relief to people who suffered losses from a natural disaster. For example, some victims of the 2018 California wildfires can claim uninsured or unreimbursed disaster-related losses in the year that the loss occurred. This applies to personal and business-related losses and could open up possibilities for some of the strategies above. As you save more and your wealth builds, tax planning can become so complicated that you can’t do it alone. You’ll probably need the help of a financial planner, tax attorney, and most likely an estate planner. Although there are plenty of articles to help you understand the basics of tax planning, don’t hesitate to gain the help of a professional long before you reach retirement age.
